Kidney stones are one of the most common problems of the urinary tract—and one of the most painful disorders. How much do you know about kidney stones? Try your hand at this quiz.
1. Most kidney stones pass through a person's urinary tract without any medical intervention.
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If the crystals that form the stones remain tiny enough, they can pass through without even being noticed.
2. Anyone can develop kidney stones.
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More men tend to develop stones than women. But the number of women who get kidney stones has been increasing. Whites are more prone to kidney stones than are Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians. The prevalence of kidney stones rises dramatically as men enter their 40s and continues to rise into their 70s. For women, the prevalence of kidney stones peaks in their 50s. Kidney stones also tend to run in families. Once a person gets more than 1 stone, they are more likely to develop others.
3. A kidney stone forms from chemicals that the body is trying to get rid of.
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The most common type of stone contains calcium plus either oxalate or phosphate. These chemicals are part of a person's normal diet and make up important parts of the body, such as bones and muscles.
4. A urinary tract infection can put you at risk for developing kidney stones.
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Kidney disorders such as malformations or blockages, and metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, are also linked to stone formation. Genetic conditions may also play a role. Also, people with a rare hereditary disease called renal tubular acidosis have increased risk of developing kidney stones.
5. The pain from a kidney stone comes on slowly, growing more and more intense.
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The pain often begins suddenly, when a stone moves in the urinary tract. This causes irritation or blockage. Typically, a person feels a sharp, cramping pain in the back and side, in the area of the kidney. Or they may feel pain in the lower belly (abdomen). Sometimes nausea and vomiting occur with this pain. Later, the pain may spread to the groin. Change of position doesn't improve the pain.
6. Most kidney stones large enough to cause pain must be removed surgically.
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Fortunately, most stones can be treated without surgery. Most kidney stones can pass through the urinary system with plenty of water (2 to 3 quarts a day) to help move the stone along. In most cases, you can stay home during this process, taking pain medicine as needed. Your healthcare provider will likely ask you to save the passed stone(s) for testing. They can give you a device that's like a coffee filter. You can use it when peeing (urinating). It allows you to see the stones when you are done. Other minimally invasive methods are available to treat stones. Surgery is only needed in rare cases.
7. Drinking plenty of water can help prevent the recurrence of kidney stones.
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If you have stones that develop again and again, you should try to drink enough liquids—water is best—throughout the day to make at least 2 quarts of urine in every 24-hour period.
8. Some kidney stones can be removed by using shockwaves (lithotripsy).
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Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) is the most often used nonsurgical procedure to treat kidney stones. ESWL uses shockwaves that are created outside of the body. These shockwaves travel through the skin and body tissues until they hit the dense stones. They cause the stones to break into tiny pieces. The stones become sand-like and are easily passed through the urinary tract in the urine.
A biopsy is done to remove tissue or cells from the body for exam under a microscope. The tissue sample is removed with a needle to check for cancer or other abnormal cells. It also helps check how well the kidney is working.
An antegrade pyelogram is an imaging test to find a blockage (obstruction) in the upper urinary tract. Read on to learn about what to expect before, during, and after this test.
